Use casesFinancial institutions & fintech

  • Bank
  • Participation bank
  • Factoring

Invoice and cheque verification

Clients bring invoices and their customers' cheques to be financed every day; each has to be proven real, not financed twice, and tied to the right buyer before any money moves.

With the systemEach invoice and cheque read, checked with GİB, the central register, and the QR code; the officer decides.

Who decides
Factoring operations officer

Client upload · 4 November 2026Illustrative

Receivable notification form · three e-invoices, two cheques

Assigned to you: e-invoices to one buyer for woven fabric, October 2026, including invoice no. DKM2026000000412, with the buyer's two cheques due January and February 2027.

→ this invoice is already in the central register

The document as it arrives. In red, what the system marks for your expert.

1. The work

Today

  1. ReadClients send the receivable notification form (alacak bildirim formu), e-invoices and e-archive invoices, paper invoices, and their customers' cheques, front and back; an operations officer keys the invoice number, dates, tax numbers, and amounts, and the cheque's serial number, drawer, due date, and endorsements by hand.
  2. VerifyEach e-invoice is confirmed with the Revenue Administration (GİB), each invoice checked in the central invoice register (Merkezi Fatura Kaydı Sistemi) to prove it is not financed twice, and each cheque's QR code read for the drawer's cheque history.
  3. CheckThe endorsement chain is checked against the invoice by eye: your client must be the invoice's seller, and the drawer or the endorser before your client its buyer; the amounts must agree, and the buyer must stay within your concentration limit.
  4. ScoreWhether the buyer will settle on the due date is judged file by file from the cheque report, the bureau, and that buyer's record with you.
  5. DecideThe officer releases the financing within the client's approved limit, holds it, or sends it to credit; the client waits while the checks are made one by one.

With the system

  1. ReadThe SLM reads the notification form, every invoice, and both sides of every cheque, e-invoice files and scans alike, into one set of fields, each tied to its document.SLM
  2. VerifyThe agent, with read-only access, runs the checks in parallel: GİB confirmation of each e-invoice and e-archive invoice, the central invoice register, the cheque's QR-code report, and your exposure to the client and the buyer.Agentic AI
  3. CheckYour rules, run as code, not a model, test the endorsement chain against the invoice, the financing against the invoice amount, and the buyer against your concentration limit; any mismatch blocks the release.Your rule
  4. ScoreThe buyer-payment model gives each buyer a band for paying late or a cheque returned unpaid, with reason codes, from the cheque report, the bureau, and your own history with that buyer.Model
  5. DecideThe factoring operations officer releases within the approved limit, holds, or sends to credit, as before; a duplicate, a canceled invoice, or a broken chain always reaches a person.Person decides

What lands on the desk

The officer gets every invoice and cheque already read, the GİB, register, and QR-code checks already run, and the chain and the limits already tested by your own rules. One invoice is already in the central register, so the release waits for the officer.

FIG. 1 · Verification fileIllustrative
Factoring · client upload · 04.11.2026Three e-invoices and two cheques, one buyer

SLM · what the documents say

  • InvoicesThree e-invoices to one buyer, woven fabric, October 2026e-invoice files
  • ChequesTwo cheques drawn by the buyer, due January and February 2027cheque scans
  • ChainDrawer: the buyer · first endorser: your clientcheque backs

Agent · checks, read-only

  • metGİB confirmationGİBthree of three
  • flaggedCentral invoice registerregisterone invoice already registered
  • metCheque QR-code reportQR codeno returned cheques, no stop
  • Your exposure to this buyernear your limit

Your rules · chain and limits

  • ChainMatches: the seller is your client, the drawer the buyer
  • ReleaseBlocked for the registered invoice until a person clears it
  • LimitBuyer within your concentration limit after this file

Model · buyer payment

  • BuyerLow bandpays you on time; no returned cheques in five years
  • Model
  • SLM
  • Agent
  • Code

Why a person decidesWhether to release, hold, or send to credit is the officer's; a duplicate is cleared only by a person.

DecidesFactoring operations officer

2. The system

For your technical team — skip it if you like.

How it works

In

  • Receivable notification form
  • e-invoices, e-archive and paper invoices
  • Cheques, front and back

  1. SLM · understands

    Invoice and cheque reader

    Fine-tuned to read invoices, cheques, and endorsements

    Reads

    • Everything under In

    Out

    • Invoice no., UUID, dates, tax IDs, amounts
    • Cheque bank, serial, drawer, due date, amount
    • Endorsement chain, in order

  2. Agent · prepares

    Verification agent

    Parallel checks, read-only

    Reads

    • The invoice and cheque fields

    Out

    • GİB confirmation of each e-invoice
    • Central invoice register: not financed twice
    • Cheque QR-code report
    • Your exposure to client and buyer

  3. Code · calculates

    Chain and limit rules

    Your written rules, run as code; no model

    Reads

    • The fields and the checks
    • Your concentration limits

    Out

    • Chain: seller is your client, drawer the buyer
    • Financing within the invoice amount
    • Buyer within your concentration limit

  4. Model · estimates

    Buyer-payment model

    Logistic champion, gradient-boosted challenger, calibrated

    Reads

    • Cheque QR-code report
    • Bureau and Risk Merkezi data
    • Your payment history with the buyer

    Out

    • Late-payment band per buyer
    • Reason codes
    • Change since the last review

  5. Decision

    Factoring operations officer

    Reads

    • The verified file and the band

    Out

    • Releases within the client's approved limit
    • Holds, or asks the client for more
    • Sends to credit beyond the limit
    • Calls the buyer to confirm the debt when needed
How the agent's work is arrangedParallel

Parallel

The checks are independent of one another and every invoice and cheque needs all of them, so they run in parallel and merge into one file.

How the models are trained and tested

Your expert writes the test first. A step the test does not need is skipped, and we say why.

Show the training steps

Small language model (SLM)

  1. Test set

    300–600 recent files labeled by your senior operations officers: every invoice and cheque field and the endorsement chain, from e-invoice files and scans alike.

  2. Dataset

    Past files with their documents and the fields your team keyed; tax numbers and personal data masked in training copies.

  3. Continued pre-training (CPT)If needed

    Only if the base model fails the test on invoice and cheque layouts.

  4. Supervised fine-tuning (SFT)

    On e-invoice and e-archive layouts, scanned invoices, and both sides of cheques, stamps and handwriting included.

  5. Reinforcement learning (RL)Skipped

    Skipped: reading fields is taught by fine-tuning and checked by the rules and the test set.

Buyer-payment model

  1. Target

    A buyer paying late, or a cheque returned unpaid, over the financing's term.

  2. Method and challenger

    A logistic champion against a gradient-boosted challenger, tested out of time.

  3. Validation evidence

    Ranking and calibration by buyer segment, and stability over time.

  4. Monitoring

    Monthly drift; the band never releases or holds a file on its own.

Where the agentic system stops

The factoring operations officer decides every file: release within the client's approved limit, hold it, or send it to credit, and calls the buyer to confirm the debt when your procedure asks.

Show its tools, limits, and record
Tools and access
Reads the client's uploads and document management; read-only GİB e-invoice confirmation, the central invoice register query, the cheque QR-code report, the bureau, and your core factoring system; writes only the verification file.
May not
Release or hold funds, register or cancel an invoice, change a limit, override a blocked chain, contact the client or the buyer, or grant itself any access.
Who decides and the written limit
Factoring operations officerThe factoring operations officer decides every file: release within the client's approved limit, hold it, or send it to credit, and calls the buyer to confirm the debt when your procedure asks. The system never releases or holds funds, never registers or cancels an invoice, never changes a limit, and never contacts the client or the buyer; a duplicate, an unconfirmed or canceled e-invoice, or a broken endorsement chain always reaches a person. Credit authority stays with your credit committee.
Stops when
An invoice already in the central register, an e-invoice GİB does not confirm or shows as canceled, a chain that does not lead to the buyer, a cheque leaf with a court stop or a returned-cheque record, or a buyer beyond your limit: the file goes to the officer, marked.
Record
Every document read, each check and its answer, the rule and model versions, the band and its reasons, and who released, held, or sent to credit; kept at least five years.

How agentic systems stay inside limits

3. Value and conditions

Where the time goes, and what your institution will measure.

Where the value comes from

  1. Files released sooner, with every check made.
  2. Duplicate and canceled invoices caught before money moves.
  3. Officer hours freed for the doubtful files.

What your institution measures

  • Time from upload to release
  • Duplicates caught before release
  • Releases later found against a canceled or duplicate invoice
  • Files sent back for missing documents
  • Returned cheques by buyer band

Measured in the Decision Blueprint

Today's time to release, the duplicates and cancellations found after release, and officer time per file, from your operations log, set the baseline; your institution sets the target.

Conditions

The rules, the data, and the known error, with its guard.

  • A factoring company may not take over a receivable that an invoice for a sale of goods or services does not document, even when it comes with a bill of exchange or a cheque, and partial assignments of one invoice to several factoring companies may not add up to more than the invoice (Law 6361 art. 9/2). Factoring companies and banks pool what they know about assigned receivables, invoice details included (art. 43).
  • Before financing, the institution takes the receivable notification form signed by the client, registers the invoice in the central invoice register to prove it is not used twice, and confirms e-invoices and e-archive invoices with GİB; it never finances on the client's word alone, and the financing with its interest and fees may not exceed the invoice (BDDK regulation on factoring transactions, Resmî Gazete 04.02.2015 no. 29257, arts. 4–6). It applies to banks' factoring too.
  • Where a cheque comes with the invoice, your client must be the invoice's seller and the drawer, or the endorser before your client, the invoice's buyer; the amounts must agree, and the factoring software must refuse a mismatch (art. 8/1); the checks are kept at least five years (art. 10). These are written rules, run as code; the one model only ranks buyers and never releases or holds a file.
  • Every cheque carries a bank serial number and a QR code; through it a holder sees the account holder's cheques paid and returned unpaid over the last five years, any court stop on that leaf, and any ban or bankruptcy, in a system run by the Banks Association of Türkiye's Risk Center (TTK art. 780); the payee records each QR-coded cheque it receives in that system (Cheque Law 5941 art. 3/10).

Start here

We take a month of files with your operations team, time each check from upload to release, collect your rules and limits, and test the reader on your own invoices and cheques before anything is built.

Who builds it Every engagement is led by an engineer who has built machine-learning models that real decisions run on since 2012, and language models and agentic systems in production since 2024. About eqlx

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https://eqlx.ai/use-cases/receivables-verification · Printed copy; the website is the current version.